Health and Environmental Impacts
For the latest information related to disinfectants and Coronavirus, see the links below. As always, be sure to check with your synthetic turf manufacturer before applying any chemicals.
CDC Cleaning & Disinfection of Community Facilities
EPA List of Disinfectants for Use Against SARS-CoV-2
Penn State Studies
Year | Authors | Title | Link |
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2020 | McNitt et al. | Survival of Staphylococcus aureus applied to Poa pratensis, L. and synthetic turf | Read It Here |
2012 | McNitt and Petrunak | Evaluation of the efficacy of Ultraviolet-C light to eliminate Staphylococcus aureus from infilled synthetic turf surfaces | Read It Here |
2011 | Serensits et al. | Human health issues on synthetic turf in the USA | Read It Here |
2009 | A.S. McNitt, D.M. Petrunak, and T.J. Serensits | A Survey of Microbial Populations in Infilled Synthetic Turf Fields | Read It Here |
2008 | McNitt et al. | A Survey for the Presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the Infill Media of Synthetic Turf | Read It Here |
Scientific Journal Articles
Year | Authors | Title | Link |
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2023 | Moreno et al. | A new look at rubber recycling and recreational surfaces: The inorganic and OPE chemistry of vulcanised elastomers used in playgrounds and sports facilities | Read It Here |
2022 | Zuccaro et al. | Artificial turf and crumb rubber infill: An international policy review concerning the current state of regulations | Read It Here |
2022 | Xie et al. | Toxic effects and primary source of the aged micro-sized artificial turf fragments and rubber particles: Comparative studies on laboratory photoaging and actual field sampling | Read It Here |
2022 | Lauria et al. | Widespread Occurrence of Non-Extractable Fluorine in Artificial Turfs from Stockholm, Sweden | Read It Here |
2022 | Murphy and Warner | Health impacts of artificial turf: Toxicity studies, challenges, and future directions | Read It Here |
2022 | Kubota et al. | Characterization of synthetic turf rubber granule infill in Japan: Total content and migration of metals | Read It Here |
2022 | Kawakami et al. | Characterization of synthetic turf rubber granule infill in Japan: Rubber additives and related compounds | Read It Here |
2022 | Kawakami et al. | Characterization of synthetic turf rubber granule infill in Japan: Polyaromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds | Read It Here |
2022 | Grynkiewicz-Bylina et al. | Tests of rubber granules used as artificial turf for football fields in terms of toxicity to human health and the environment | Read It Here |
2022 | Sakai et al. | Characterization of synthetic turf rubber granule infill in Japan: Volatile organic compounds | Read It Here |
2022 | Graca et al. | Presence of metals and metalloids in crumb rubber used as infill of worldwide synthetic turf pitches: Exposure and risk assessment | Read It Here |
2021 | Armada et al. | Global evaluation of the chemical hazard of recycled tire crumb rubber employed on worldwide synthetic turf football pitches | Read It Here |
2021 | Negev et al. | Hazardous chemicals in outdoor and indoor surfaces: artificial turf and laminate flooring | Read It Here |
2021 | Gomes et al. | A review of potentially harmful chemicals in crumb rubber used in synthetic football pitches | Read It Here |
2020 | Valeriani et al. | Artificial-turf surfaces for sport and recreational activities: microbiota analysis and 16S sequencing signature of synthetic vs natural soccer fields | Read It Here |
2020 | Keller et al. | The Fate of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Synthetic Turf System | Read It Here |
2020 | Celeiro et al. | Evaluation of chemicals of environmental concern in crumb rubber and water leachates from several types of synthetic turf football pitches | Read It Here |
2020 | Celeiro et al. | Hazardous compounds in recreational and urban recycled surfaces made from crumb rubber. Compliance with current regulation and future perspectives | Read It Here |
2020 | Massey et al. | Artificial turf infill: A comparative assessment of chemical contents | Read It Here |
2020 | Schneider et al. | ERASSTRI - European risk assessment study on synthetic turf rubber infill - Part 1: analysis of infill samples | Read It Here |
2020 | Schneider et al. | ERASSTRI - European risk assessment study on synthetic turf rubber infill - Part 2: migration and monitoring studies | Read It Here |
2020 | Schneider | ERASSTRI - European risk assessment study on synthetic turf rubber infill - Part 3: Exposure and risk characterisation | Read It Here |
2019 | Almansour et al. | Playground lead levels in rubber, soil, sand, and mulch surfaces in Boston | Read It Here |
2018 | Pronk et al. | Synthetic turf pitches with rubber granulate infill: are there health risks for people playing sports on such pitches? | Read It Here |
2018 | Perkins et al. | Evaluation of potential carcinogenicity of organic chemicals in synthetic turf crumb rubber | Read It Here |
2018 | Benoit and Demars | Evaluation of organic and inorganic compounds extractable by multiple methods from commercially available crumb rubber mulch | Read It Here |
2018 | Bleyer and Keegan | Incidence of malignant lymphoma in adolescents and young adults in the 58 counties of California with varying synthetic turf field density | Read It Here |
2018 | Celeiro et al. | Determination of priority and other hazardous substances in football fields of synthetic turf by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: A health and environmental concern | Read It Here |
2017 | Canepari et al. | Release of particles, organic compounds, and metals from crumb rubber used in synthetic turf under chemical and physical stress | Read It Here |
2017 | Peterson et al. | Comprehensive multipathway risk assessment of chemicals associated with recycled ("crumb") rubber in synthetic turf fields | Read It Here |
2015 | Selbes et al. | Leaching of DOC, DN, and inorganic constituents from scrap tires | Read It Here |
2014 | Cheng et al. | Environmental and health impacts of artificial turf: a review | Read It Here |
2013 | Kruger et al. | New approach to the ecotoxicological risk assessment of artificial outdoor sporting grounds | Read It Here |
2013 | Pavilonis et al. | Bioaccessibility and risk exposure to metals and SVOCs in artificial turf field fill materials and fibers | Read It Here |
2013 | Schiliro et al. | Artificial turf football fields: environmental and mutagenicity assessment | Read It Here |
2013 | Ruffino et al. | Environmental-sanitary risk analysis procedure applied to artificial turf sports fields | Read It Here |
2012 | Rhodes et al. | Zinc leaching from tire crumb rubber | Read It Here |
2012 | Kim et al. | Health risk assessment of lead ingestion exposure by particle sizes in crumb rubber on artificial turf considering bioavailability | Read It Here |
2011 | Ginsberg et al. | Benzothiazole toxicity assessment in support of synthetic turf field human health risk assessment | Read It Here |
2011 | Menichini et al. | Artificial-turf playing fields: contents of metals, PAHs, PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs, inhalation exposure to PAHs and related preliminary risk assessment | Read It Here |
2011 | Ginsberg et al. | Human health risk assessment of synthetic turf fields based upon investigation of five fields in Connecticut | Read It Here |
2011 | Simcox et al. | Synthetic turf field investigation in Connecticut | Read It Here |
2010 | Li et al. | Characterization of substances released from crumb rubber material used on artificial turf fields | Read It Here |
2010 | Van Rooij and Jongeneelen | Hydroxypyrene in urine of football players after playing on artificial sports fields with tire crumb infill | Read It Here |
2009 | Bocca et al. | Metals contained and leached from rubber granulates used in synthetic turf areas | Read It Here |
2008 | Zhang et al. | Hazardous chemicals in synthetic turf materials and their bioaccessibility in digestive fluids | Read It Here |
2003 | Birkholz et al. | Toxicological evaluation for the hazard assessment of tire crumb for use in public playgrounds | Read It Here |
U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission
Year | Authors | Title | Link |
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2008 | CPSC | CPSC staff analysis and assessment of synthetic turf "grass blades" | Read It Here |
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Year | Authors | Title | Link |
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2019 | EPA | July 2019 Report: Tire Crumb Rubber Characterization | Read It Here |
2009 | EPA | A scoping-level field monitoring study of synthetic turf fields and playgrounds | Read It Here |
National Toxicology Program - U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
Year | Authors | Title | Link |
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2019 | National Toxicology Program | NTP Research Report on the Chemical and Physical Characterization of Recycled Tire Crumb Rubber: Research Report 11 | Read It Here |
2019 | National Toxicology Program | NTP Research Report on Synthetic Turf/Recycled Tire Crumb Rubber: Characterization of the Biological Activity of Crumb Rubber In Vitro: Research Report 12 | Read It Here |
2019 | National Toxicology Program | NTP Research Report on Synthetic Turf/Recycled Tire Crumb Rubber: Feasibility Study in Support of Non-inhalation In Vivo Exposures of Synthetic Turf/Recycled Tire Crumb Rubber: Research Report 13 | Read It Here |
2019 | National Toxicology Program | NTP Research Report on Synthetic Turf/Recycled Tire Crumb Rubber:14-Day Exposure Characterization Studies of Crumb Rubber in Female Mice Housed on Mixed Bedding or Dosed via Feed or Oral Gavage Research Report: 14 | Read It Here |
Washington State Study
Year | Authors | Title | Link |
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2017 | Washington State Department of Health | Investigation of reported cancer among soccer players in Washington State | Read It Here |
Connecticut Studies
Year | Authors | Title | Link |
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2010 | Connecticut Department of Public Health | FACT SHEET - The CT DPH risk assessment of artificial turf fields | Read It Here |
2010 | Department of Energy and Environmental Protection | Result of state artificial turf field study: no elevated health risk | Read It Here |
2010 | The Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering | Committee report: peer review of an evaluation of the health and environmental impacts associated with synthetic turf playing fields | Read It Here |
2010 | The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station | 2009 study of crumb rubber derived from recycled tires - final report | Read It Here |
2010 | The Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection | Artificial turf study - leachate and stormwater characteristics - final report | Read It Here |
2010 | University of Connecticut Health Center | Artificial turf field investigation in Connecticut - final report | Read It Here |
New York Studies
Year | Authors | Title | Link |
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2009 | New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene | Air quality survey of synthetic turf fields containing crumb rubber infill | Read It Here |
2008 | New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene | A review of the potential health and safety risks from synthetic turf fields containing crumb rubber infill | Read It Here |
2008 | New York State Department of Health | FACT SHEET: Crumb-Rubber Infilled Synthetic Turf Athletic Fields | Read It Here |
California Studies
Year | Authors | Title | Link |
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2010 | California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery | Safety study of artificial turf containing crumb rubber infill made from recycled tires: measurements of chemicals and particulates in the air, bacteria in the turf, and skin abrasions caused by contact with the surface | Read It Here |
2009 | California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment | Chemicals and particulates in the air above the new generation of artificial turf playing fields, and artificial turf as a risk factor for infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). Literature review and data gap analysis | Read It Here |
2007 | California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment | Evaluation of health effects of recycles waste tires in playground and track products | Read It Here |
New Jersey Studies
Year | Authors | Title | Link |
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2011 | UMDNJ-EOHSI | Crumb infill characterization for trace elements and organic materials | Read It Here |
2008 | State of New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services | Update: New Jersey investigation of artificial turf and human health concerns | Read It Here |
2007 | New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection | Preliminary assessment of the toxicity from exposure to crumb rubber: its uses in playgrounds and artificial turf playing fields | Read It Here |
International Studies
Year | Authors | Title | Link |
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2017 | European Chemicals Agency | An evaluation of the possible health risks of recycled rubber granules used as infill in synthetic turf sports fields | Read It Here |
2017 | Dutch National Institute of Public Health and the Environment | Evaluation of health risks of playing sports on synthetic turf pitches with rubber granulate | Read It Here |
2007 | Intron | Environmental and health risks of rubber infill. Rubber crumb from car tyres as infill on synthetic turf | Read It Here |
2006 | Norwegian Pollution Control Authority | Measurement of air pollution in indoor artificial turf halls | Read It Here |
2006 | IBV | Study of incidence of recycled rubber from tyres in environment and human health | Read It Here |
2006 | Norwegian Institute of Public Health and the Radium Hospital | Artificial turf pitches - an assessment of the human health risks for football players | Read It Here |
2006 | Norwegian Building Research Institute | Potential health and environmental effects linked to artificial turf systems - Final Report | Read It Here |