Carryover effects of aminopyralid, clopyralid, or aminocyclopyrachlor on spring-planted tree seedlings

Glyphosate alone (G) or in combination with aminopyralid (G+A), clopyralid (G+C), or aminocyclopyrachlor plus chlorsulfuron (G+A+C) was appled in October prior to a spring planting of bare-root silver maple, river birch, flowering dogwood, black walnut, sycamore, or black locust. There was no herbicide by species interaction. Averaged over species, mortality was G - 0%, G+A+C - 6%, G+A - 17%, and G+C - 33%.